If something is worth doing, it's worth doing well. These words have stuck with me since first hearing them in my 6th grade shop class. Spoken by a man missing a few digits on his left hand and repeatedly arguing against the use of seat-belts. This contradiction of wisdom mixed with stubbornness was one of the fundamental realizations of my childhood that made me start questioning the adults around me. Maybe they don't have it all figured out like I thought. Nonetheless, it's a great statement and has carried a lot of weight into my adulthood and shaped much of my work ethic.
If you're building a new python project, it's worth your time to create an environment that will not touch the python packages on your workstation while you're developing it. When it comes time to ship that code to production, it is very much so worth it to keep the new code dependencies as isolated from existing code already running on that production server. If you have the resources available, consider even going as far as putting it in it's own docker container. If you are using docker it will eliminate the need to use virtualenv and virtualenvwrapper all together as pointed out by a fellow redditor.
"with docker, virtualenv is a thing of the past. been using docker for about a year now, i don’t even install virtualenv on my host machine anymore, just pop into docker and pip install directly in there; takes the same amount of time to build (virtualenv whatev-env; source whatev-env/bin/actívate vs docker run -v $(pwd):/code —rm -it python:1.2.3 sh) or just about the same.. BUT it gives you even more power: the ability to not have to bind your core dependencies to your host system, the ability to use any version of not only python, but ANYTHING! is a no brainer...
virtualenv is dead, long live docker!" - kingbuzzman
With that in mind, if you're not willing to use docker in your dev or production environment you should still be using virtualenv to save you the headache of ending up with 100 different pip packages strewn across your system and no intelligible way of knowing what goes where and how updating project X dependencies will affect project Y. It will also let you easily keep track of what packages are being used for individual projects and output them to requirements.txt files that you will save alongside your code for the next person to use to install everything they need to make your project work and nothing extra.
Python virtualenv works just fine without the wrapper. You can read up some more on the features the wrapper adds here. The main benefit for me being that you can organize and use all virtual environments in one place.
Table of Contents
- Installation
- Basic virtualenv usage
- Basic virtualenv wrapper usage
- Basic pip usage in the virtual environment
- Testing
Installation
Installation is fairly quick and painless. I'll go over how to install and configure python virtual environments for a few common systems. I will show you the basic setup of virtualenv and why you might want to use virtualenv-wrapper to make things a bit easier.
Arch Linux
Install using pacman
pacman -S python-virtualenv python-virtualenvwrapper
Add the following to your .bashrc
export WORKON_HOME=~/.virtualenvs
source /usr/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh
Ubuntu 16.04
Install using apt-get
apt-get update
apt-get install python-virtualenv virtualenvwrapper
Add the following to your .bashrc
export WORKON_HOME=~/.virtualenvs
source /usr/share/virtualenvwrapper/virtualenvwrapper.sh
CentOS 7.2
Install pip with curl
curl "https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py" -o "get-pip.py"
python get-pip.py
Install virtualenv and wrapper with pip
sudo pip install virtualenv
sudo pip install virtualenvwrapper
Update your .bashrc with the following
export VIRTUALENVWRAPPER_PYTHON=/usr/bin/python
export WORKON_HOME=~/virtualenvs
source /usr/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh
Mac OSX
System default python
Install with pip
sudo easy_install pip
sudo pip install virtualenv
sudo pip install virtualenvwrapper
If you get the same six error as I did below
sudo pip install --ignore-installed six virtualenvwrapper
Update your .bash_profile with the following
export VIRTUALENVWRAPPER_PYTHON=/usr/bin/python
export WORKON_HOME=~/virtualenvs
source /usr/local/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh
In one command
printf '\n%s\n%s\n%s\n%s' '# virtualenv' 'export VIRTUALENVWRAPPER_PYTHON=/usr/bin/python' 'export WORKON_HOME=~/virtualenvs' 'source /usr/local/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh' >> ~/.bash_profile
Home brew installed python
Install using pip
sudo pip install virtualenv
sudo pip install virtualenvwrapper
Update your .bash_profile with the following
export VIRTUALENVWRAPPER_PYTHON=/usr/local/bin/python
export WORKON_HOME=~/virtualenvs
source /usr/local/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh
In one command
printf '\n%s\n%s\n%s\n%s' '# virtualenv' 'export VIRTUALENVWRAPPER_PYTHON=/usr/local/bin/python' 'export WORKON_HOME=~/virtualenvs' 'source /usr/local/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh' >> ~/.bash_profile
Basic virtualenv usage
Create virtualenv defaulting to system default python (3 in my case)
virtualenv my_env
Create virtual environment using python 2.7
virtualenv -p /usr/bin/python2.7 my_env
Activate the virtual environment
source my_env/bin/activate
Delete an environment
rm -rf my_env
Basic virtualenv wrapper usage
Create virtual environment defaulting to system default python (3 in my case)
mkvirtualenv my_env
Create virtual environment using python2.7
mkvirtualenv -p /usr/bin/python2.7 my_env
Activate the virtual environment
workon my_env
List all virtual environments
lsvirtualenv
> my_env
> ======
Basic pip usage in the virtual environment
Install packages in your activated env (ex. django)
(my_env)$ pip install django
Write requirements.txt file containing all current packages that were installed using pip.
(my_env)$ pip freeze > requirements.txt
Install all requirements from a file
(my_env)$ pip install -r requirements.txt
Deactivate virtual environment
(my_env)$ deactivate
Testing
I run Arch Linux on my local system, but I'd like to test out the other installations to verify the information I'm trying to share is correct. I can easily fire up an ubuntu or centos box with a little help from docker. To test out Mac OS I'll bring up a vm with vagrant and virtualbox. Know that if you're using docker, you don't really need a virtual environment for python because it should be the only thing running in that container. I'm using docker here to demonstrate the setup of virtualenv and wrapper.
Ubuntu
Fire up a docker container running ubuntu 16.04 and test installing python virtualenv and virtualenv-wrapper
docker run -it ubuntu:16.04 bash
[email protected]:/#
[email protected]:/# apt-get update
[email protected]:/# apt-get install python-virtualenv virtualenvwrapper
[email protected]:/# export WORKON_HOME=~/.virtualenvs
[email protected]:/# source /usr/share/virtualenvwrapper/virtualenvwrapper.sh
[email protected]:/# mkvirtualenv my_env
(my_env) [email protected]:/# lsvirtualenv
my_env
======
(my_env) [email protected]:/# pip install requests
Collecting requests
Downloading requests-2.18.4-py2.py3-none-any.whl (88kB)
100% |################################| 92kB 1.6MB/s
...
...
(my_env) [email protected]:/# pip freeze
certifi==2018.1.18
chardet==3.0.4
idna==2.6
pkg-resources==0.0.0
requests==2.18.4
urllib3==1.22
CentOS
Once again, using docker to pull in the latest image of CentOS 7.2
docker run -it centos:centos7.2.1511 bash
[[email protected] /]#
[[email protected] /]# curl "https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py" -o "get-pip.py"
[[email protected] /]# python get-pip.py
[[email protected] /]# pip install virtualenv
[[email protected] /]# pip install virtualenvwrapper
[[email protected] /]# export VIRTUALENVWRAPPER_PYTHON=/usr/bin/python
[[email protected] /]# export WORKON_HOME=~/virtualenvs
[[email protected] /]# source /usr/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh
[[email protected]79de /]# mkvirtualenv my_env
(my_env) [[email protected] /]# lsvirtualenv
my_env
======
(my_env) [[email protected] /]# pip install requests
Collecting requests
Downloading requests-2.18.4-py2.py3-none-any.whl (88kB)
100% |################################| 92kB 1.1MB/s
...
...
(my_env) [[email protected] /]# pip freeze
certifi==2018.1.18
chardet==3.0.4
idna==2.6
requests==2.18.4
urllib3==1.22
Test it out on a Mac
NOTE: I don't use a Mac at all, but I work with people who do, so It's handy to learn.
For testing this I have the following installed locally:
Initialize a mac box with vagrant
vagrant init jhcook/macos-sierra
Bring it up
vagrant up
Login to your newly created mac environment
vagrant ssh
Last login: Sat Jan 20 19:44:44 2018 from 10.0.2.2
This-MacBook-Pro:~ vagrant$
System installed python
I'm able to install virtualenv with the version of python that came on this vm, but when I go to install virtualenvwrapper, I'm getting this error DEPRECATION: Uninstalling a distutils installed project (six) has been deprecated and will be removed in a future version. This is due to the fact that uninstalling a distutils project will only partially uninstall the project.. You can stop here if all you need is virtualenv and not the wrapper, but I like the convenience that the wrapper provides.
sudo easy_install pip
sudo pip install virtualenv
sudo pip install virtualenvwrapper
The directory '/Users/vagrant/Library/Caches/pip/http' or its parent directory is not owned by the current user and the cache has been disabled. Please check the permissions and owner of that directory. If executing pip with sudo, you may want sudo's -H flag.
The directory '/Users/vagrant/Library/Caches/pip' or its parent directory is not owned by the current user and caching wheels has been disabled. check the permissions and owner of that directory. If executing pip with sudo, you may want sudo's -H flag.
Collecting virtualenvwrapper
Downloading virtualenvwrapper-4.8.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting stevedore (from virtualenvwrapper)
Downloading stevedore-1.28.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting virtualenv-clone (from virtualenvwrapper)
Downloading virtualenv-clone-0.2.6.tar.gz
Collecting virtualenv (from virtualenvwrapper)
Downloading virtualenv-15.1.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl (1.8MB)
100% |################################| 1.8MB 683kB/s
Requirement already satisfied: pbr!=2.1.0,>=2.0.0 in /Library/Python/2.7/site-packages (from stevedore->virtualenvwrapper)
Collecting six>=1.10.0 (from stevedore->virtualenvwrapper)
Downloading six-1.11.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Installing collected packages: six, stevedore, virtualenv-clone, virtualenv, virtualenvwrapper
Found existing installation: six 1.4.1
DEPRECATION: Uninstalling a distutils installed project (six) has been deprecated and will be removed in a future version. This is due to the fact that uninstalling a distutils project will only partially uninstall the project.
Uninstalling six-1.4.1:
Exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip-9.0.1-py2.7.egg/pip/basecommand.py", line 215, in main
status = self.run(options, args)
File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip-9.0.1-py2.7.egg/pip/commands/install.py", line 342, in run
prefix=options.prefix_path,
File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip-9.0.1-py2.7.egg/pip/req/req_set.py", line 778, in install
requirement.uninstall(auto_confirm=True)
File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip-9.0.1-py2.7.egg/pip/req/req_install.py", line 754, in uninstall
paths_to_remove.remove(auto_confirm)
File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip-9.0.1-py2.7.egg/pip/req/req_uninstall.py", line 115, in remove
renames(path, new_path)
File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip-9.0.1-py2.7.egg/pip/utils/__init__.py", line 267, in renames
shutil.move(old, new)
File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/shutil.py", line 302, in move
copy2(src, real_dst)
File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/shutil.py", line 131, in copy2
copystat(src, dst)
File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/shutil.py", line 103, in copystat
os.chflags(dst, st.st_flags)
OSError: [Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-PhG_df-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/six-1.4.1-py2.7.egg-info'
I was able to get past this error with the following
sudo pip install --ignore-installed six virtualenvwrapper
Homebrew installed python.
Install home brew
/usr/bin/ruby -e "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/master/install)"
Install python with homebrew
brew install python
If running which python still shows the system version at /usr/bin/python, swap that out with the home brew installed version of python by making usr/local/bin show up before usr/bin in your path. Add it to your ~/.bash_profile to make it permanent.
export PATH=/usr/local/bin:$PATH
Test it.
which python2.7
/usr/local/bin/python2.7
In my case, I also added a symlink to /usr/local/bin/python so I can leave off the 2.7 bit. If I wanted to use python3.5 as the default python, I would do the same thing.
sudo ln -s /usr/local/bin/python2.7 /usr/local/bin/python
Test it.
which python
/usr/local/bin/python
Finally build an environment to test that is all works
This-MacBook-Pro:~ vagrant$ mkvirtualenv myenv
New python executable in /Users/vagrant/virtualenvs/myenv/bin/python
Installing setuptools, pip, wheel...done.
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /Users/vagrant/virtualenvs/myenv/bin/predeactivate
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /Users/vagrant/virtualenvs/myenv/bin/postdeactivate
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /Users/vagrant/virtualenvs/myenv/bin/preactivate
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /Users/vagrant/virtualenvs/myenv/bin/postactivate
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /Users/vagrant/virtualenvs/myenv/bin/get_env_details
(myenv) This-MacBook-Pro:~ vagrant$ lsvirtualenv
myenv
=====
Clean up the vagrant files
vagrant destroy
default: Are you sure you want to destroy the 'default' VM? [y/N] y
==> default: Forcing shutdown of VM...
==> default: Destroying VM and associated drives...
rm -rf .vagrant Vagrantfile